Evaluating the Causes and Control of Variation in Public Institutions’ Buildings in Kwara State, Nigeria

Abstract

Variation order is observed as one of the most frequently occurring issues in construction projects in Nigeria. These variations are known to impact various aspects of the projects. This study assessed the effect of variation orders on public building projects in Kwara State with a view to reducing them. The objectives of the study include: determining the causes of variation orders; identifying the effects of variation orders; and then recommending strategies to minimize variation orders. A comprehensive review of relevant literature resulted in the identification of 8 common causes of variation orders, 7 effects of variation orders, and 10 recommended strategies to minimize the variation orders. A desk study and questionnaire survey were carried out to identify the causes of variation orders, and their impacts on public building projects and to seek recommendations to reduce them. The desk study was conducted on fifty-five sample sizes and the causes of variation orders and their impacts on the projects were identified. The questionnaire responses were analyzed using SPSS descriptive statistics and the results were ranked using the average mean. The results indicated Risk factors, the complexity of design, Governmental financial problems, poor procurement process, and varying specifications by the consultant were the most common causes of variation orders. The results also showed that Productivity degradation, quality degradation, cost overrun, time overrun and delay in completion have the most effect on variation. The findings also suggested the most recommended strategies to minimize variation orders. These strategies include Value engineering, comprehensive design details, reduction of contingency, completeness of order documentation, and adequate payment from the client to lessen variation on public building projects.