Ecological and Socio-Economic Assessment of Ecotourism-Driven Microplastics Pollution at Elegushi Beach, Lagos, Nigeria

Abstract

This study assessed ecotourism-driven microplastic pollution at Elegushi Beach, Lagos, Nigeria, through integrated analysis of water and sediment samples (January--March 2026) and public perception surveys (n=60). Microplastics were extracted through density separation and quantified using FTIR spectroscopy. Metallic elements and organic contaminants were analyzed using SEM-EDX and GC-MS, respectively. Microplastic concentrations in water ranged from 865 to 2,105 particles/m³ (mean: 1,370--1,574 particles/m³), increasing by 14.9% over three months. Sediment concentrations ranged from 1,320 to 3,730 particles/kg dw (mean: 2,093 - 2,958 particles/kg dw), increasing by 41.3% (p<0.05). This temporal increase coincides with the peak dry-season tourism period (January–March), characterized by intensified recreational activity and waste generation. Water samples were dominated by polyethylene (48.2%) and polypropylene (32.4%), while sediments were dominated by PET (33.7%), polyamide (21.5%), and polystyrene (19.3%). Metallic element concentrations included zinc (15.8 wt%) and copper (7.2 wt%) at station MCP 2, indicating antifouling paint inputs. Phthalates were highest at MCP 1 (7.3% area, DEHP 4.2%). Public awareness of microplastics was high (82.7%), yet only 50.0% recognized the tourism-pollution linkage; nonetheless, 73.8% supported stronger conservation policies. Ecotourism activities directly drive microplastic, metallic element, and organic pollutant accumulation at Elegushi Beach although it boosts the economies of Lagos State. Therefore, urgent regulatory interventions, improved waste management, and targeted environmental education are recommended to mitigate further ecological degradation.