Experimental Evaluation of Burnt Brick Tile Production Using Clay Mineral Deposits from Southeast Nigeria

Abstract

This study examines the feasibility of producing burnt brick tiles from locally sourced clay mineral deposits obtained from selected locations in Southeast Nigeria. The work seeks to determine the technical suitability of these clays for tile manufacturing by assessing their physicochemical characteristics, firing behavior, and mechanical performance. Clay samples collected from Anambra, Enugu, Imo, and Abia States were subjected to comprehensive laboratory characterization, including Atterberg limits, particle size analysis, specific gravity, loss on ignition (LOI), chemical oxide composition, linear shrinkage, water absorption, bulk density, and compressive strength evaluation. Tile specimens were molded and fired at controlled temperatures ranging from 800 °C to 1100 °C to observe the influence of thermal treatment on material behavior. Results show that the sampled clays are predominantly kaolinitic, exhibiting good plasticity, moderate shrinkage, and low levels of deleterious oxides, all of which contribute to stable firing and strong ceramic performance. Notably, tiles fired at 1000 °C and 1100 °C demonstrated optimal engineering properties, including high compressive strength (13.8–18.2 N/mm²), enhanced densification, and significantly reduced water absorption (6–9%). These findings highlight the potential of southeastern Nigerian clay deposits as reliable, cost-effective raw materials for producing durable burnt brick tiles. Their utilization can support local ceramic industries, promote sustainable resource use, reduce reliance on imported tiles, and stimulate rural and regional economic development.