Modelling, Simulation, and Optimisation of Power Factor Correction Strategies for LED Lighting Systems under Nigerian Grid Conditions

Dennis Okwuchukwu Okonkwo; Chinedu Michael Chiejiine; Stephen Nwachukwu Ukagu; Ikenna Augustine Onyegbadue

doi:10.70382/ajsede.v12i5.037

Authors

Okonkwo, Dennis Okwuchukwu Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Igbinedion University, Okada, Nigeria Author
Chiejiine, Chinedu Michael Department of Electronic and Electronic Engineering, Admiralty University of Nigeria, Ibusa, Nigeria Author https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6444-1944
Ukagu, Stephen Nwachukwu Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria Author https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7645-9930
Onyegbadue, Ikenna Augustine Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Igbinedion University, Okada, Nigeria Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6837-5509

Abstract

The increasing adoption of light-emitting diode (LED) technology in Nigeria and across Sub-Saharan Africa has delivered measurable gains in energy efficiency; yet these gains are substantially eroded by the power quality degradation inherent in conventional switch-mode LED driver circuits. This study presents a comprehensive modelling, simulation, and optimisation framework for evaluating power factor correction (PFC) strategies in 75 W LED lighting systems operating on a 220 V/50 Hz supply characteristic of the Nigerian grid. Five correction techniques were implemented and benchmarked across a structured parameter-sweep study of 900 simulation evaluations: series inductor passive PFC, LC filter passive PFC, active boost-converter PFC, a passive–active hybrid scheme, and a Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO)-tuned hybrid. The baseline system without PFC exhibited a power factor of 0.50–0.70 and total harmonic distortion (THD) exceeding 50%, consistent with the behaviour of nonlinear rectifier-capacitor loads. The PSO-tuned hybrid achieved a power factor of 0.9999, THD of 1.65%, and efficiency of 98.24%, satisfying IEEE 519-2014 and IEC 61000-3-2 compliance thresholds. The active PFC stage alone attained a power factor of 0.9815, THD of 19.50%, and efficiency of 99.00%, confirming its practical adequacy for grid-connected LED deployment. All modelling, simulation, and optimisation were implemented in Python using the NumPy and SciPy scientific-computing libraries, with Average Current Mode Control (ACMC) applied to the boost stage. Findings demonstrate that active PFC delivers the strongest power-quality improvement per unit of circuit complexity for grid-connected LED systems, while PSO-based hybrid tuning offers a pathway to near-ideal harmonic compliance where regulatory demands are stringent. A full economic comparison of the strategies is identified as future work.