Relevance of Renewable Energy Sources for Sustainable Campus Development: Federal Polytechnic Bauchi as Case Study

Abstract

The increasing demand for reliable electricity in higher educational institutions has intensified the need for sustainable energy solutions capable of supporting academic activities, research operations, laboratory functions, and administrative services. Many Nigerian tertiary institutions continue to experience challenges associated with inadequate grid electricity supply, dependence on diesel generators, rising energy costs, and environmental impacts from fossil fuel utilization. This study examines the utilization potential of renewable energy sources for sustainable campus development at Federal Polytechnic Bauchi. A case study approach was adopted, involving assessment of institutional electricity demand, evaluation of renewable energy availability, solar photovoltaic (PV) system design, battery storage assessment, and environmental sustainability evaluation. The results indicate that the institution has considerable potential for renewable energy adoption, with solar photovoltaic technology identified as the most appropriate option due to favourable solar conditions, operational flexibility, scalability, and suitability for distributed campus applications. The estimated campus electricity requirement was determined as approximately 16,160 kWh/day, corresponding to an annual energy consumption of about 5.82 GWh/year. A hybrid solar PV system with an estimated capacity of 2 MW, supported by approximately 5.4 MWh battery storage, was proposed to improve electricity reliability and reduce dependence on conventional energy sources. The proposed renewable energy system is expected to enhance campus energy resilience through reduced grid dependency, lower diesel generator utilization, improved electricity availability, and environmental benefits. The study further highlights the role of renewable energy integration in promoting sustainable institutional development, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and creating opportunities for renewable energy education and research. A structured implementation framework involving solar PV deployment, energy efficiency measures, energy monitoring, and sustainable energy management is recommended for achieving a resilient and environmentally responsible campus.