Advances in Propagation, Genetic Improvement, and Utilization of Cola nitida for Sustainable Production in West Africa

Abstract

Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl. is one of the most important tree crops in West Africa in terms of economy, culture, and nutrition, yet its genetic improvement and sustainable production systems are still underdeveloped compared to its value. This review focuses on three key areas: propagation, genetic improvement, and utilization. On propagation, methods such as terminal bud removal in semi-lignified cuttings, cotyledon excision, scarification, and improved substrate use have shown clear improvements in germination, rooting, and seedling survival. On genetic improvement, the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN) has identified compatible clones and developed new germplasm collections. Some clonal materials now flower and fruit within four years after planting, helping to address long juvenile periods and self-incompatibility. Clone AA231 has also been confirmed as a widely compatible parent useful for orchard improvement. In addition, molecular tools such as ISSR, RAPD, and SNP markers have shown high genetic diversity within CRIN collections and across Nigerian and Ivorian populations, supporting future breeding work. On utilization, studies show that C. nitida contains high levels of caffeine, theobromine, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolics, with proven antibacterial, antidiabetic, and antioxidant properties. However, post-harvest losses of 30-70% due to pests and diseases remain a major challenge. The review concludes that integrated investment in improved planting material, molecular breeding tools, post-harvest systems, and organized value chains offers the clearest pathway to sustainable C. nitida production in West Africa.