Healthcare Workforce Shortages and Population Demand: A Supply–Demand Analysis of Primary Healthcare Accessibility in Igabi Local Government Area

Abstract

Primary healthcare (PHC) remains the foundation of Nigeria's healthcare system; yet persistent workforce shortages and rising population demand continue to limit access, particularly in rural and peri-urban areas. This study examined the supply demand dynamics of PHC accessibility in Igabi Local Government Area, Kaduna State, focusing on residents' perceptions of how workforce shortages and population demand affect service delivery. A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used. Structured questionnaires were administered to 384 respondents selected through stratified random sampling proportional to the twelve wards; 382 valid responses (99.5% response rate) were analysed using descriptive statistics. PHC facility audits, key informant interviews, and reconnaissance observations were used to provide contextual information. Findings showed that 52.6% of respondents perceived inadequate medical and technical personnel as seriously affecting PHC access, with a further 25.7% reporting moderate effects. All respondents indicated population demand affects service delivery, with 61.0% describing the effect as strong. Workforce shortages and rising demand jointly reduce accessibility by lengthening waiting times, overburdening personnel, and lowering service quality. The study recommends recruitment and equitable deployment of health workers, expansion of facilities, improved health financing, and strengthened community-based health programmes.